sunlight soap south africa
Trombiculidae
History
Trombiculidae, from the Greek ("to tremble") and American Culex, gen. culicis ("mosquito" or "fly") was first described as independent by HE Ewing family in 1944. But references to chiggers go as far as the sixth century China, in 1733, the first of the mites recognization Trombicula in North America were made. In 1758, Linnaeus described a single species mites batatas (Now Trombicula batatas). However, most information about chiggers came from the problems that arose during and after the Second World War.
Then, when the family was first described, included two subfamilies, and Hemitrombiculinae Trombiculinae. Womersley added another, Leeuwenhoekiinae, which at the time contained only Leeuwenhoekia (Oudemans, 1911). Later he erected the Leeuwenhoekiidae family for the genus and subfamily, with six genera, have a pair of submedian setae present on dorsal plate.
Distribution
Trombicula The mites are found throughout the world. In Europe and North America tend to be more common in hot and humid parts. In warmer regions, which found only in the summer (in French, harvest mites are called aotat, or "August" flies). In the United States, found primarily in Southeast, South and Midwest. They are not present, or are barely, in areas further north, in the high mountains and deserts. In the British Isles Trombicula autumnalis species are called harvest mites in North America alfreddugesi Trombicula species and species Trombicula (eutrombicula) hirsti found in Australia and are commonly called scrub-itch mite.
Life cycle
The life cycle of a harvest mite
The mite life cycle depends on the species and the environment, but usually lasts from 2-12 months (but can be longer). The number of cycles in a year depends on the region. For example, in a temperate climate region, could only be 3 per year, but in tropical regions, the cycle can be continuous throughout the year. adult mites harvested during the winter in protected places as slightly below ground. Females participate actively in spring and once the soil temperature is consistently above 60 (15.6) she lays her eggs, up to 15 eggs per day in vegetation when soil temperatures are 60 (15.6). Therefore, from April to early fall until the first Frost, humans are susceptible to chigger bites. The larvae congregate in groups in small clumps of land, vegetation and even mate in low shrubs and plants, where they have more access to a host. The eggs are dormant for about six days, after which it emerges that no pre-larvae fed with only three pairs of legs. After six days, the pre-larva becomes its larval stage.
Larva
The larvae, commonly called a chigger, are about 0.170.21 mm (0.0070.008 in) in diameter, usually red, covered with hair, and act quickly in relation to size. There is a marked constriction in front of the body the nymph and adult. The eggs are round in shape.Chigger is also an alternative term for chigger flea (Tunga penetrans), a sand flea is found in tropical climates and subtropical in the Americas and Africa.
The name chigger originated as a corruption of the chigger. Also called scrub mite, red mite and several Other names are found throughout temperate and tropical zones. Chiggers come in three stages: the deutovum, unfed larvae, and larvae engorged. Once the egg developing larvae enclosed in a membrane, as well as egg shells, are called deutovum. After hatching, unfed larvae migrate to the most high and wait for a host.
The larval stage is the only life cycle stage of the parasitic mite. They are parasites of many animals. About 30 of the many species of this family, in their larval state, adhere to various animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals and feed on the skin. This often causes an intensely itchy red bump in humans (who are accidental hosts).
Chiggers attach to the machine, pierce the skin, injecting enzymes into the bite wound, which digest the cell contents, and then suck the digested tissue through a tube formed by the hardened skin cells called stylostome. Not penetrate the skin or suck blood, as expected. Itch from a bug bite may not develop until 2448 hours after the bite, so the victim not be associated with exposure to the very specific bite. The red welt / bump on the skin is not where a chigger laid eggs, as is sometimes believed. The larva remains attached to a suitable host for 3-5 days before leaving to begin their nymph stage.
Chiggers do not like sunlight or moisture. During the wet season, chiggers are usually found in tall grass and other vegetation. During the dry season, chiggers are found mainly under shrubs and shaded areas.
Chiggers as disease vectors
For more details this topic, see scrub typhus.
Although the harvest chigger mites usually do not carry diseases in North America temperate climates, Leptotrombidium deliense are considered a dangerous pest in the East Asia and South Pacific, because that often lead Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacterium that causes small scrub typhus, which is known alternatively as the Japanese river disease, scrub disease, or tsutsugamushi. The mites are infected with Rickettsia transmitted from parents to children until the eggs are laid in a process called transovarial transmission. The symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscular pain, cough and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Nymph
Once the larva is engorged on the skin and has been detached from its host, the larvae develop until stage nymph. As the larvae, nymphs are also sexually immature, but are more like adults.
This stage consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph and tritonymph, respectively. The protonymph and morphology are unusual tritonymph Trombiculidae species. The larval phase and combines features protonymph protonymph with deutonymph and morphology tritonymph. The protonymph is an idle transition. The active deutonymph develops an extra pair of legs (for a total of eight). Finally, re-enters idle during its transition before tritonymph growing to adulthood.
Adult
As deutonymph and adults, the predatory mites are independent Trombicula that feed on small arthropods and their eggs, is also eating plant material. They live in soil, often found by digging in yards and gardens. The adults may be beneficial to humans because they often eat the eggs of other pests such as mosquitoes.
Trombiculiasis
Trombiculiasis, also called Trombiculidiasis, is the term coined by the eruption caused by mites Trombicula.
Prevention
Chigger bites on the foot and ankle
These insects commonly found in the tip of the leaves of grasses to make a host, so keeping grass short and remove brush and wood debris where potential hosts mite can live, can limit their impact in an area. Sunlight that penetrates the dry grass and the grass will make it less favorable for chigger survival.
Chiggers seem to affect warm covered areas of the body more than drier areas. Therefore, the bites are often grouped behind the knees, or under tight underwear, such as socks, underwear, bras. The highest areas in the body (chest, back, waist-band, and under the arches) are affected more easily in young children than in adults, since children are shorter and are more likely than adults in contact with low grass vegetation and dry, where chiggers thrive.
Chigger bites can be minimized by the wearing of tightly woven protective clothing, including pants, making it difficult them to go to such places. Application of repellent to shoes, pants down and the skin is also helpful. Because they are in the grass, remaining in the trails, roads or paths can avoid contact. Dusting sulfur is used commercially to control mites and can be used to control bed bugs in the yard. The dust from the shoes, socks and pant legs with sulfur can be very effective in repelling chiggers.
Another good strategy is to recognize the chigger habitat for avoid exposure in the first place. The chiggers thrive in North America in late summer, in dry tall grass and other thick vegetation, no shade. Insect repellents containing one of the following active ingredients are recommended: DEET, Catnip oil extract – nepetalactone, citronella oil or eucalyptus extract oil. However, in 1993, the subject of a study reported on tests of two commercial repellents: DEET and oil of citrus fruits: "All exposed chiggers on filter papers treated with DEET died and did not move outside the treaty documents. None of the chiggers that were placed in papers treated with citrus oil were killed. "It was concluded that DEET was more effective than citrus oil.
Chiggers can also be treated with common household vinegar (5% acetic acid). For personal protection, apply insect repellent to your feet, legs, and midsection.
Treatment
This section can require cleanup to meet Wikipedia quality standards. The specific problem is: date-June 2009. Please improve this section if possible. (June 2009)
Sand flea rash 36 hours after exposure
To reduce itching, an application of anti-itch cream containing hydrocortisone, calamine benzoate Benzyl is often used (although calamine has proven to be effective). Hydrogen peroxide and capsaicin cream has been effective. Another good way to relieve itching heat is applied, either with a hand shower with hot water as one can stand, or by heating the bite with a hair dryer. The method of heat to relieve itching about four hours and be repeated. Applying nail polish to the affected area does not kill the chigger, the chigger is actually no longer present by the when you notice a rash.
The most effective way to eliminate bed bugs is to wash the affected areas with soap and warm water. This should be done as soon as possible after exposure or possible exposure. Carefully wash the ankles, feet, behind the knees, and under the arms and chest. Bath salts Epsom can help relieve itching. If you're near the seashore, wading for a few minutes in salted water so get rid of parasites into the skin and clothes and also relieve itching of the bites. Clothing, especially pants and socks, should be discarded immediately after returning from areas where exposure may have occurred. However, once symptoms appear, may be too late to prevent more stings. Take a hot bath, when are covered with chigger bites may in fact be very uncomfortable and increase itching symptoms. Do not rub and scratch the skin in an aggressive manner, as this can break the skin and left vulnerable to a more serious infection.
Some claim that the chigger is still in the bite, perhaps confusing the small center color red chigger bite itself. In some cases, the chigger is still present when the bite occurs. A 10X loupe can be used to view and may be chigger removed with a needle nose pliers. Once that has been covering the bite with nail polish, calamine lotion, Vaseline or other petroleum jelly, baby oil, or anything else can relieve pain and itching, but do not suffocate the chigger, or help heal the bites more quickly. Medications such as antihistamines Corticosteroid creams may be prescribed by doctors, and could help in some cases.
References
^ "Ewing Trombiculidae, 1929 (Family)." SysTax – database query. Universitt Ulm. http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=97056&stufe=5&typ=ZOO&lang=e&sid=T&pr=nix&only=no&B4=ok&syno=y&valid=y. Retrieved on 06/03/2009.
^ Shatrov, AB; Kudryashova, NI (2008). "Taxonomic ranking of the main subtaxa Trombicula with notes on the evolution of parasite-host relationships (Acariformes: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae) "." Annales zoologici (Warsaw) 58: 279 287.
^ Smith, GA, Sharma V, JF Knapp, Shields BJ (1998). Pediatric Emergency Care. ed. The summer penile syndrome: The seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by chigger bites in. 14 (2 ed.). U.S.: pediatric emergency care. pp. 116 118. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:49gX7aDTc_oJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1. Retrieved on May 22, 2009.
^ Ballantine, Todd (1991). Tideland treasure: a naturalist guide from the beaches and marshes of Hilton Head Island and the southeastern coast. Carolina Columbia, South: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 14. ISBN 0-87249-795-X.
^ Mandell, Gerald L., Bennett JE, Dolin R, (2005). "294." in the sixth. Beginning and Practice of Infectious Diseases .. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0443086869, 9780443086861.
^ Goldman, Lee, Dennis Arthur Ausiello (2007). Cecil Medicine (23, illustrated, revised ed.). Health Sciences at Elsevier. pp. 1032.
^ Abcdefg Durden, Lance A. (2002). Medical and Veterinary Entomology (3rd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 458. ISBN 9780125104517. http://books.google.com/books?id=u4RGXGkRq5YC&pg=PA458&lpg=PA458&dq=trombiculidae+ "life cycle +" & Source = bl & ots = InFLxmvnBe & sig = tk8VWaihOEllvoiuzM9E49K32Cw & hl = en & ei = WFS8SYO6JJHAM92U0aoI & sa = X & oi = & book_result resnum = 9 & ct = result.
Potter ^ abcd, Monday to Friday; PG Koehler (March 1995. Revised February 2000. Revised January 2006.). "Itching Invisible Causes of insects and insect. "University of Florida, Department. Pp. 14. Http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG34300.pdf. Retrieved on 22/05/2009.
^ Scarborough, John (1998). Biological and medical terminology. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 122. ISBN 0806130296.
^ Bowman, Dwight D., Hendrix, Carlos M., Lindsay, S. David Barr, Stephen C. (2002). Feline Clinical Parasitology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 38 586. ISBN 0813803330.
^ EW Ewing (Oct. 1946). The Journal of Parasitology. 32. pp. 435 440. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3272913.
^ "Aotat: Definition" (in French). Vulgar – medical. http://www.vulgaris-medical.com/encyclopedie/aoutat-522.html. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
^ Vater, G. (2006). "The geographical distribution of the harvest mite Neotrombicula autumnalis (Acari: Trombiculidae)." (In German). CABI (Leipzig Hygieneinspektion Bezirks-und-Institut, Abteilung Medizinische Parasitologie, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic.: CABI): 12. http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=19830598840. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ Hirst, A. (1929). "In the scabies mite crub North Queensland (Trombicula hirsti Sambon)" Airlines tropical pseudotyphus possible. "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22 (5): 451 452. http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0035-9203/PIIS0035920329900675.pdf.
^ Abc "ArmaXX Pest Control." http://www.armaxx.com/chigger.html. Retrieved on 24/06/2008.
^ Gosling, Peter J. (2005). Dictionary of parasitology. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-30855-0.
^ "ACES Publications: bugs: ANR-1109." http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1109/. Retrieved on 24/06/2008.
^ Finke, DL (01/10/1998). "University of MD chigger Sheet" (PDF). http://www.hgic.umd.edu/_media/documents/hg66.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05/25.
^ About.com: Pediatric Dermatology Basics chiggers
^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension
^ About.com: Pediatrics Chiggers Dermatology Basics
^ Service, Mike. Medical Entomology for Students (4, illustrated, revised ed.). Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. 250 252 289 pages. ISBN ISBN 0521709288, 9780521709286. http://books.google.com/books?id=wRrof4RLDuwC&pg=PA251&dq=harvest+mites+scrub+typhus.
^ "CDC – Resurgence Scrub typhus in the Maldives. "Http: / / www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no12/03-0212.htm. Retrieved 24/06/2008.
^ Takahashi, M, H Misumi,; Urakami, H, M Misumi,, Matsumoto, I (2003). "Life Cycle Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae) one of the mite vector of scrub typhus Japan (Author abstract). "Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo (Japan) 45: 1930. ISSN 0285-3671. http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200401/000020040103A0828660.php.
T ^ Baumann (March 2001). "New treatment of mite infestation of the crop." Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (5): 769. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.5.769. PMID 11231715. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid = 11,231,715.
^ Ogg, Barb. "Chiggers itch." http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/chiggers (008). shtml. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
Abc ^ Bennett M, Stuart (2003). "Mites." Self published by the author. http://www.the-piedpiper.co.uk/th5i.htm. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
Ho ^ TM, Fauziah MK (March 1993). "Laboratory evaluation of two commercial repellents against fletcheri Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae) ". Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 24 (1): 1659. PMID 8362291.
^ Baumann T (March 2001). "New treatment for infestation harvest mite. "Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (5): 769. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.5.769. PMID 11231715. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid = 11,231,715.
^ Ab "Harvest mite infestation in cats." Feline Advisory Bureau. November 2008. http://www.fabcats.org/owners/skin/harvest_mite.html. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
^ Schalock, Peter C. (Last full review / revision December 2006). "Itching: Itching and Noninfectious rashes." The Merck Manual Medical Library. http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec18/ch203/ch203b.html. Retrieved on 19/05/2009.
External Links
"Chiggers!" in the Missouri Department of Conservation
Chiggers in Pestproducts.com
Department of Entomology Iowa State University Insect Information Note
NIH Medline Plus
Extension Ohio State University fact sheet, Entomology, Chiggers, HYG-2100-98
Autmunalis Trombicula
Taxonomic information in UniProt Consortium NCBI
Categories: AcariHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from June 2009 | All pages needing cleanup About the Author
I am a professional editor from
China Product
, and my work is to promote a free online trade platform.
http://www.himfr.com/ contain a great deal of information about
concrete boom pump
,
concrete pump trailer
welcome to visit!
Categories: Perfume Tags: sunlight soap south africa